PAPER
ASSIMILATION AND
ELISION
LECTURER : RAHMANITA, M.Pd
CREATED BY :
1.
TRI
IBRAHIM (11 2010 001)
2.
HERI
SYAFE’I (11 2010 029)
3.
DINDA
ASELA
4.
MIRA
ASMARA
PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM OKI (UNISKI) KAYUAGUNG
TAHUN AKADEMIK 2011-2012
Abstract
Assimilation
has a very precise meaning when it’s related to studies of languages. Is a
common phonological process bye which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes
more like another segment in a word. In other words it’s when a letter (sound)
is influenced by the letter (sound) before or after it so that it changes its
sound and/or spelling. The word assimilation it self it’s said to be
assimilated; it is derived from the latin prefix ad- meaning to and simil-
meaning like but, instead of being adsimilated, it has the easier pronunciation
of assimilated.
Remember
that the target of a phonological rule of assimilation is the sound that
undergoes a change, while the trigger is the sound that "spreads" its
features to the target.
"Elision of
sounds can . . . be seen clearly in contracted forms like isn't (is not), I'll (I shall/will), who's (who is/has), they'd (they had, they should,
or they would), haven't (have
not) and so on. We see from these examples that vowels or/and consonants can be
elided. In the case of contractions or words like library (pronounced in rapid
speech as /laibri/), the whole syllable is elided."
Introduction
assimilation is a common phonological
process by
which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either within
a word or between words. In rapid speech, for example, "handbag" is
often pronounced [ˈhambag], and "hot potato" as [ˈhɒppəteɪtoʊ]. Or in
the other word Assimilation
is a phonological process where a phone becomes similar to a nearby phone.
Elision is
very simply the omission of certain sounds in certain contexts. elisions are the counterpart to
epentheses, because they delete segments
like epentheses they
usually facilitate articulation.
Discusion
A. Assimilation
an
assimilation is characterized by four parameters:
(1)
affected sounds (targets)
which
sounds are assimilated?
(2)
triggering sounds (triggers)
which
sounds cause the assimilation?
(3)
phonetic feature
which
feature(s) is/are changed on the target?
(4)
direction
in which
direction does the assimilation occur?
direction
regressive
assimilation
the
process is directed backwards, i.e. from right to left i.e. the target preceeds
the trigger
progressive
assimilation
the
process is directed forwards, i.e. from left to right i.e. the target follows
the trigger
[Im]
[In] [I ŋ]
i[m]potent i[n]direct i[ŋ]conclusive
i[m]partial
i[n]dependent i[ŋ]considerate
i[m]possible i[n]tolerance i[ŋ]correct
i[m]practical
i[n]sufferable i[ŋ]complete
i[m]mature i[n]sufficient i[ŋ]convenient
i[m]balance
i[ŋ]gratitude
The
nasal in the prefix in- has the same place of articulation as the
following consonant:
[m]
before [p, b, m]
[n]
before [t, d, s]
[ŋ]
before [k, g]
We
say: the nasal assimilates in place of articulation to the following
consonant.
Consider
the following data:
i[n]advisable
i[n]animate
i[n]ordinate
i[n]eligible
Based
on these data, [In] occurs in the most environments: before vowels, t, d, s.
Therefore,
we want to say that the underlying form of the prefix is /In/.
/In/
=> [Im] / ___ bilabial consonants
ð [I
ŋ] / ___ velar consonants
ð [In]
elsewhere
Assimilation
comes in two types:
(1)
Complete (total) assimilation: one phone becomes
identical to another phone.
Complete
assimilation of nasals in Biblical Hebrew
perfect
verb imperfect
verb
C1VùC2VC3
yiC1C2VC3
kaùtab
yiktab
write
naùpal
yippol
fall
naùtan
yitten give
naùga ʃ
yigga ʃ
approach
(2)
Partial assimilation: one phone acquires
the same feature as another phone (place, manner, voicing, height, backness,
rounding, etc.)
Assimilation has a
very precise meaning when it’s related to studies of languages. Is a common
phonological process bye which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more
like another segment in a word. In other words it’s when a letter (sound) is
influenced by the letter (sound) before or after it so that it changes its
sound and/or spelling. The word assimilation it self it’s said to be assimilated;
it is derived from the latin prefix ad- meaning to and simil- meaning like but,
instead of being adsimilated, it has the easier pronunciation of assimilated.
A common example of assimilation is “don’t be silly” where the /n/ and /t/ are assimilated to /m/ by the following /b/, in many accents the natural sound is “dombe silly”.
Assimilation can be synchronic being an active process in a language at a given point in time or diachronic being a historical sound change. There are 4 configurations found: the increase in phonetic similarity may be between adjacent segments or between segments separated by one or more intervening segments; the changes could be in reference to a preceding segment or a following one. Even when all four occur, it changes in regard to a following adjacent segment account for virtually all assimilatory changes. Assimilation to an adjacent segment are vastly more frequent than assimilation to a non-adjacent one.
If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is called “regressive assimilation”, the changes with reference to a preceding segment are called “progressive assimilation”. A lot of people find these terms very confusing because they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning. To avoid the problem exist a variety of alternative terms. “Regressive assimilation” is also known as right to left, leading or reciprocal assimilation. “Progressive assimilation” is known as left to right or preservative, lagging or lag assimilation.
Occasionally two sounds may influence one another in reciprocal assimilation. When such a change results in a single segment with some of the features of both components, it is known as coalescence or fusion.
1. / t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p /
2. / d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /
3. / n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /
4. / t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/
5. / d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /
6. / n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /
7. / s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
8. / z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
9. /θ/ changes to / s / before / s /
A common example of assimilation is “don’t be silly” where the /n/ and /t/ are assimilated to /m/ by the following /b/, in many accents the natural sound is “dombe silly”.
Assimilation can be synchronic being an active process in a language at a given point in time or diachronic being a historical sound change. There are 4 configurations found: the increase in phonetic similarity may be between adjacent segments or between segments separated by one or more intervening segments; the changes could be in reference to a preceding segment or a following one. Even when all four occur, it changes in regard to a following adjacent segment account for virtually all assimilatory changes. Assimilation to an adjacent segment are vastly more frequent than assimilation to a non-adjacent one.
If a sound changes with reference to a following segment, it is called “regressive assimilation”, the changes with reference to a preceding segment are called “progressive assimilation”. A lot of people find these terms very confusing because they seem to mean the opposite of the intended meaning. To avoid the problem exist a variety of alternative terms. “Regressive assimilation” is also known as right to left, leading or reciprocal assimilation. “Progressive assimilation” is known as left to right or preservative, lagging or lag assimilation.
Occasionally two sounds may influence one another in reciprocal assimilation. When such a change results in a single segment with some of the features of both components, it is known as coalescence or fusion.
1. / t / changes to / p / before / m / / b / or / p /
2. / d / changes to / b / before / m / / b / or / p /
3. / n / changes to / m / before / m / / b / or / p /
4. / t / changes to / k / before / k / or /g/
5. / d / changes to / g / before / k / or / g /
6. / n / changes to /ŋ/ before / k / or / g /
7. / s / changes to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
8. / z / changes to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/ or / j /
9. /θ/ changes to / s / before / s /
B.
Elision
Elision is very simply the omission of certain sounds
in certain contexts. The most important occurrences of this phenomenon
regard:
1) Alveolar consonants
/t/ and /d/ when ‘sandwiched’ between two consonants (CONS – t/d – CONS), e.g.
|
The next day….
|
/ðə ˈneks
ˈdeɪ/
|
|
The last car…
|
/ðə ˈlɑ:s
ˈkɑ:/
|
|
Hold the dog!
|
/ˈhəʊl ðə
ˈdɒg/
|
|
Send Frank a card.
|
/sen
ˈfræŋk ə ˈkɑ:d/
|
This can also take place within affricates /t§/ and
/d½/ when preceded by a consonant, e.g.
|
lunchtime
|
/ˈlʌntʃtaɪm/
|
become
|
/ˈlʌnʃtaɪm/
|
|
strange days
|
/ˈstreɪndʒˈdeɪz/
|
/ˈstreɪnʒˈdeɪz/
|
The phoneme /t/ is a
fundamental part of the negative particle not, the possibility of
it being elided makes the foreign students life more difficult. Consider the
negative of can – if followed by a consonant the /t/ may
easily disappear and the only difference between the positive and the negative
is a different, longer vowel sound in the second:
|
I can speak….
|
/aɪ kən ˈspi:k/
|
|
I can’t speak…
|
/aɪ ˈkɑ:n(t)
ˈspi:k/
|
Note that when can’t is followed by a
vowel, e.g. ‘I can’t eat’, the /t/ is not elided.
Can something similar happen to didn’t?
2) A second form
involves the omission of the schwa /\/ before liquids /l/ and /r/, e.g.
|
secretary
|
/ˈsekrət(ə)ri/
|
|
camera
|
/ˈkæm(ə)rə/
|
|
memory
|
/ˈmem(ə)ri/
|
In some cases this elision may be optional
(dictionaries usually represent the optional sound in italics e.g. /ˈlʌnt ʃtaɪm/ , in others it is the norm.
REFERENCES
http://slb-ltsu.hull.ac.uk/awe/index.php?title=Assimilation_(phonetic)
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/assimilation.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)
No comments:
Post a Comment